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- <text id=90TT1253>
- <title>
- May 14, 1990: Interview:Stephen Jay Gould
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
- May 14, 1990 Sakharov Memoirs
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- INTERVIEW, Page 19
- Evolution, Extinction And the Movies
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>Harvard paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould says humans aren't all
- that important in the long run and that creation science is
- oxymoronic
- </p>
- <p>By Daniel S. Levy and Stephen Jay Gould
- </p>
- <p> Q. You have written that humankind is an afterthought, a
- cosmic accident. Why?
- </p>
- <p> A. Only in the sense that every species is. Since evolution
- has no inherent or predictable direction, if you could play
- life's tape again from any early point, you would get a
- completely different result that wouldn't include human beings.
- In that sense, every species' appearance is not random, because
- after it happens it is perfectly explainable, but it's
- unpredictable. The reason I call humans even more of an
- afterthought than others is that our lineage is so young and
- so small. The splitting point between human ancestors and those
- that gave rise to chimps and gorillas is 6 million to 8
- million years ago, and the human species, Homo sapiens, is
- probably only about a quarter of a million years old. So humans
- in current form have been here only a quarter of a million
- years, which may sound long, but is a geological second.
- </p>
- <p> Q. So the view of evolution as a ladder with humankind on
- the top rung is incorrect.
- </p>
- <p> A. It is nothing more than a representation of our hopes.
- We have certain hopes and cultural traditions in the West, and
- we impose them upon the actual working of the world.
- </p>
- <p> Q. Why do we do that?
- </p>
- <p> A. Oh, for the simplest and most obvious reason: the world
- is a pretty miserable place for many people. If we can
- reconstruct the history of life as somehow inherently directed
- toward us, it is a very comforting thought. It is an old one
- too. It is embodied right in Genesis 1. We are not willing to
- give it up easily.
- </p>
- <p> Q. What do you think of the creationist groups that disagree
- with you?
- </p>
- <p> A. They are fairly marginal. They represent but a tiny
- minority of religious people in America.
- </p>
- <p> Q. Is the battle with creationists over?
- </p>
- <p> A. It will never formally end as long as there are millions
- of them out there with lots of money. I think the important
- point is that with the Supreme Court victory Edwards v.
- Aguillard, we destroyed the strategy that has been their focal
- point since the 1920s, namely the attempt to force
- legislatively the mandated teaching of this oxymoronic creation
- science of theirs in the classroom.
- </p>
- <p> Q. So you don't feel threatened by them.
- </p>
- <p> A. No, not as much as I did. They are never going to go
- away, and locally they are very powerful. Before local school
- boards they can lobby. The Supreme Court said you can't force
- the teaching of creation science, but it didn't say that if
- individual teachers happen to want to teach it they can't. If
- an individual teacher is teaching creation science, then it is
- the problem of the local school board. They hired an
- incompetent.
- </p>
- <p> Q. If our presence is a fault of nature, what then is the
- reason for our existence?
- </p>
- <p> A. There is as much reason for us to be here as there is for
- anything else. It is like Back to the Future, Part II. In the
- movie Doc Brown goes to a blackboard and draws a chart. The top
- line is history as it actually occurred. But if you make this
- teeny little change, which is Biff Tannen getting that sports
- almanac, then history veers off. It isn't that it is random
- that it happened the second way. You see, people mistakenly
- think that my book Wonderful Life is a claim that evolution is
- random, totally chaotic and unexplainable. That is not what
- historical explanation holds. It holds that what actually
- happened makes sense. It's just that what actually happened is
- one of a billion possible alternatives, and you'd never get it
- to run exactly the same way again.
- </p>
- <p> Q. Why did you name your new book on the Burgess Shale
- fossil bed in Canada after Frank Capra's movie It's a Wonderful
- Life?
- </p>
- <p> A. In part it is a double entendre because the animals in
- the Burgess Shale are so peculiar and wonderful. It is also
- because the movie illustrates this fundamental concept of
- contingency: that is, George Bailey is about to commit suicide
- because Mr. Potter has stolen some money, which is going to
- drive Bailey's firm into bankruptcy, and he figures his life
- has been utterly insignificant. He says, "I wish I had never
- been born," and then follows that famous ten-minute scene that
- shows the town of Bedford Falls had George Bailey never been
- born. It is an alternate reality, like the town with Biff
- Tannen's hotel. Everybody is much worse off in the town because
- Mr. Potter owns it now. Therefore even apparently insignificant
- things, like one man's life in a small town, make an enormous
- difference.
- </p>
- <p> Q. Does extinction mean failure?
- </p>
- <p> A. Extinction is the fate of all creatures ultimately.
- That's why it is so arrogant of us to think of dinosaurs as
- unsuccessful because they are dead. After all, they were around
- for 120 million years or so, and we have been around for only
- 250,000. And what's the chance that we're going to live for 500
- times longer than we have already?
- </p>
- <p> Q. Hasn't human progress brought us to a point where
- technology might cause our own extinction?
- </p>
- <p> A. I think that is why our prospects for survival are really
- not great. People talk about human intelligence as the greatest
- adaptation in the history of the planet. It is an amazing and
- marvelous thing, but in evolutionary terms, it is as likely to
- do us in as to help us along.
- </p>
- <p> Q. What do you think is going to happen to humankind?
- </p>
- <p> A. I have no idea. It's too complicated to predict because
- both extreme alternate scenarios are perfectly reasonable,
- namely complete self-immolation and destruction on the one
- hand, and overcoming of issues and decent lives for all people
- on the other. Nobody knows, despite the fact that there are a
- certain number of people who are willing to appear as pundits
- on television and proclaim the nature of the future. They don't
- know any more than you or I.
- </p>
- <p> Q. If all creatures eventually vanish, humans don't have a
- future, because we will either become extinct or evolve into
- another life form.
- </p>
- <p> A. Yes, but that something else we evolved into would still
- be our legacy, so that's all right.
- </p>
- <p> Q. Much of your book is about how the discoverer of Burgess
- fit his findings to reflect his beliefs. What makes you think
- your own beliefs have not colored your views of evolution?
- </p>
- <p> A. Of course they have, but it is so hard to know. The
- reason you study history is that it is easy to get a fix on the
- social embeddedness of ideas that are no longer current. The
- only thing you can know with respect to your own view is that
- you can engage in a lot of vigilance and scrutiny so that you
- can try to identify your own biases. You hope that a
- consciousness of social embeddedness makes you more sensitive.
- So, yes, of course, the interpretations of the Burgess Shale
- are in part conditioned by what's happening in society. But
- there is also a basic factual issue. I think that the
- description of the anatomy of these organisms can be done with
- objectivity. It is how we interpret these animals, and what we
- say they mean for the history of life that is obviously subject
- to biased ways of thinking. But I do think there is a certain
- factuality about the anatomy of Burgess animals that has truly
- been discovered.
- </p>
- <p> Q. Why is your work so popular?
- </p>
- <p> A. It's the subject more than anything else. I often say
- there are about half a dozen scientific subjects that are
- immensely intriguing to people because they deal with
- fundamental issues that disturb us and cause us to wonder.
- Evolution is one of those subjects. It attempts, insofar as
- science can, to answer the questions of what our life means,
- and why we are here, and where we come from, and who we are
- related to, and what has happened through time, and what has
- been the history of this planet. These are questions that all
- thinking people have to ponder.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
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